Considering Animals—Not “Higher” Primates. Consciousness and Self in Animals: Some Reflections

The essay argues that many animals are conscious and possess degrees of self-awareness. Using an evolutionary view, it claims consciousness evolved gradually, with animals showing “mine-ness” but not full “I-ness,” challenging strict human–animal divides.

Palabras clave: animal cognition, cognitive ethology, consciousness, Charles Darwin, self-awareness, selfhood